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The Hafler circuit is a passive electronics circuit with the aim of getting derived surround sound or ambiophony from regular stereo recordings without using costly electronics. The Dynaquad system works using similar principles. Named after its early proponent audio engineer David Hafler, the circuit exploits the high amount of stereo separation in the front speakers.〔http://sound.westhost.com/project18.htm〕 Using the circuit typically reduces this stereo separation by only about 2 dB. This type of system is called ''2:2:4'', since the rear channels are simulated from a two channel stereo track, with no actual extra tracks encoded. With this setup the rear speakers could be smaller, cheaper and have a smaller frequency range than the front speakers. == Operation == The rear sound level in a live performance recorded in stereo is reproduced about 7 dB below the front level, but clearly audible. The rear ambient sounds, applause, and coughs from the audience, are sometimes received out of phase by the stereo microphones, while sounds from the musicians mostly are in "synchronous phase". Thus, if rear speakers are fed with the difference between the stereo channels, audience noises and reverberation from the auditorium may be heard from behind the listener. This can be most easily achieved by wiring two similar additional rear speakers in series between the live feeds (positive terminals) from the stereo amplifier. Alternatively, one rear speaker can be used on its own. This is the type of quad setup used by Seeburg jukeboxes that had quadraphonic sound. In the early and mid-1970s for example Ferguson made two channel receivers with a built-in Hafler circuit. Philips had a similar circuit in their two channel receivers. Many receivers from middle price trademarks had such circuits - but often without volume control for the rear channels. More expensive trademarks seldom had Hafler or similar circuits, because they thought such circuits increased the distortion of the sound. Most of Marantz' four channel receivers had a variable matrix called ''Vari-Matrix'' (not to be confused with Sansui's QS Vario Matrix) that could simulate four channel stereo from two channel sources in different ways and the listener could adapt the sound with a control. The Vari-Matrix could also with good result play all matrix records. Technics by National had a similar matrix decoder with two controls. In the early 1970s, the words ambiophony and ambiophonic were synonymous with the words quadraphonic and four channel stereo. But around 1973 the words ambiophony and ambiophonic were used to describe simulated four channel stereo of the Hafler type. ''Ambiophonic'' could also mean the so-called ''concert hall sound'' in opposite to a ''surround sound'' with instruments all around the listener. The concert hall sound means the listener hears all the instruments from the front, whereas the rear channels are mainly used to give the listener the acoustic effect of sitting in a concert hall. (Ambiophony or ambiophonic sound should not be confused with Ambiophonics or Ambisonics.)〔Kjell Stensson: ''Efter Stereo HiFi: 'Ambio HiFi' '', in Stereo HiFi Handboken 73, Svenska HiFi Institutet 1972, pages 6–16〕〔Kjell Stensson: ''Ambiofoni på enkelt sätt'', in Stereo HiFi Handboken 73, Svenska HiFi Institutet 1972, pages 14–15〕〔Kjell Stensson: ''4-kanalstekniken ännu i startgroparna'', In Stereo HiFi Handboken 74, Svenska HiFi Institutet 1973, pages 29–30)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hafler circuit」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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